Cloze test with and without clues All board 2007

Dhaka Board 2007
Part B-Vocabulary

9. Fill in the gaps with a suitable word from the box (make any grammatical change if necessary). There are more words in the box than you need. 110=10

recent trained fairly essential abacus computer device
process bout modern perform machine sense special
The computer is a (a) .......... recent invention. It has now become an important part of (b) ......... life. It has greatly benefited us and brought (c).............. revolutionary changes in our life. Any (d) ............ that helps people (e)........... mathematical calculation may be called a computer. In this sense the (f) ............. is a simple computer. Today, however, the term (g) .......... refers to special kind of electronic (h) ............ that can perform mathematical calculations and (i) ............. large masses of information at a great speed. In a few minutes a computer can perform calculation that (j) ........... mathematicians would need years to complete. 

10. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate word in each gap. 110=10
Television has become a (a) ............ source of entertainment of the present world. A wide (b) ............. of programmes is (c) ................ on numerous channels. Almost every family has a television (d) ............ today. Television (e) .................. are not only entertaining, they can be highly (f) ............ too. For example, television is now (g) ............... used for distance learning. Course (h) .......... by the Open University are shown on BTV. Several channels like the Discovery Channel and the National Geographic Channel telecast highly informative and (i).............. programmes. However, watching TV (j) ............ is not permissible.

Comilla Board-2007
Part B-Vocabulary

9. Fill in the gaps with a suitable word from the box (make any grammatical change if necessary). There are more words in the box than you need. 110=10

drink eat available nutrition satisfy happen lack
need heart balanced knowledge preserve mind for

While (a) ............ food we should bear in (b)........... that we don’t eat just to (c) .............. hunger or to fill the belly. We eat to (d) ............... our health. For good health a man (e)........... good food. Sometimes it so (f) ............... that people who live even in the midst of plenty do not eat the food they need for good health because they have no (g) ............. of science and health and (h)............... They do not know how to select a (i) ............... diet from the many foods that are (j) ............... to them.

10. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate word in each gap. 110=10
Sports are a (a) ............. form of entertainment. Many international sporting events are (b) ................ from time to time. Most of these events are (c).............. by multinational manufacturing (d) ............ and business firms. They (e) ............. for the sports events in exchange for the right to (j) .......... their products during those events. These events are (g).............. worldwide by satellite and people all over the world watch them (h) ..............., As a result, the sponsors products (i) .................. maximum media (j) ............... thus giving companies international recognition. 
 



Rajshahi Board-2007
Part B-Vocabulary


9. Fill in the gaps with a suitable word from the box (make any grammatical change if necessary). There are more words in the box than you need. 110=10

exceptional economic popular common colourful influence
passenger useful outstanding up illustrated have

The development of railway in the 19th century has (a)........... a profound (b) ......... on social and (c) ........... development in many parts of the world. This process is (d) ............ in an (e) ............ fashion by the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway. It is the first and still the most (f) ............ model of a (g).............. train that goes (h) ............ a mountain. It is (i)........... known as toy train perhaps because of its (j) ............ wagons and its slow speed. 

10. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate word in each gap. 110=10
Modern life (a) ............. much on transport. We can very well (b) ............... how important transport is when it is (c) ............. by natural calamities or during socio-political crises. In fact, transport has made it (d) ............. for us to reach places previously (e) ................ . It has (f) .............. helped the flourish of trade and commerce and to (g) ................. new knowledge and ideas. (h) ............. transport has (i) ................ friendship and understanding among nations and people (j) ............. the globe.


Jessore Board-2007
Part B-Vocabulary


9. Fill in the gaps with a suitable word from the box (make any grammatical change if necessary). There are more words in the box than you need. 110=10

think distress seem develop make ensure
get mutual neighbour familiar communicate treat
As the world’s communications system is (a) ............. day by day, the world seems to be (b) ............. smaller. For the development of communications system, now we can easily (c) .............. with the people of other countries within a moment. Now, the world (d) .............. to be a village and the countries seem to be families. If we develop our (e) ............. understanding and co-operation, we can (f) ............ our world a better place. We should never (g) ............ others as enemies but as friends. As a friend we should (h) ........... immediate help to other countries in their (i) ................ and sorrows. We should take them to be our (j) ................ .

10. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate word in each gap. 110=10
Money is power and can do much good and evil. It gives (a) .......... and delight. It (b) ........... do everything. A person without (c) ............. is a person to be pitted. Nobody pays (d) ................. respect to him. His friends do not (e) ................ him. He has to depend on the (f) ............. of others. In order to (g) ............... money he does a lot of jobs. It is a must (h) ............. our life. But it does not necessarily (i) ................. happiness. Happiness is absolutely (j) a ............. matter.



Sylhet Board-2007
Part B-Vocabulary


9. Fill in the gaps with a suitable word from the box (make any grammatical change if necessary). There are more words in the box than you need. 110=10

flood rise climate warmer alarm unnecessarily prediction
change evidence destroy catastrophically gradual severely increase
The world is getting (a) ............. because of pollution. Every year millions of people all over the world die (b) .................. as a result of pollution. In the recent years, there have been (c) ............ repots that the world’s (d) ............. is undergoing a significant (e)........... . All these reports provide strong (f) ............. that world temperatures are (g) ............ day by day. Climatologists (h) ................ that mid way through the next century temperatures may have (i).................... as much as 4oC. This could raise sea levels and thereby (j) ............. coastal areas and farm lands.

10. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate word in each gap. 110=10
A large number of people (a)............ English all over the world. Some people use it as a (b) ............ language and some people take it as a (c).............. language. Many international (d) ............ now depend on English to (e) ............. with offices in different countries. Their advertisements published in different (f) .................. are always in (g)............. They also want people who possess a good (h) ............ knowledge of English. People seeking employment (i) .......... expect to get good jobs without (j)............. English.

Barisal Board-2007
Part B-Vocabulary


9. Fill in the gaps with a suitable word from the box (make any grammatical change if necessary). There are more words in the box than you need. 110=10

husband consider dominated happy project education
issue beat up law healthy save subservient
Women in our society have always been considered (a) ............. to men. The majority of houses are being (b) .................. usually by (c)........... and women most often have no say in opinion. Their opinion is (d) ............. unnecessary even in such important (e) ...........as the number of things they would like to have. In many households they are (f) ................by the husbands. To (g) ............. their rights the Govt. has introduced law. But (h)........... sometimes can’t (i) .......... them. So what is more needed for them is the proper (j)................ 

10. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate word in each gap. 110=10
Bangladesh is a land of (a).............. . But nowadays the rivers are (b).............. up. So (c).............. is an urgent necessity for our country now. The rivers carry (d) ............. which makes the land (e)................. to grow crops. Besides, they supply up plenty of (f).............. . During the dry season we (g) ............. river water to the land. At present, the (h) ................ of water causes bad harvest. We can easily (i) ............. the use and utility of the rivers in our life and (j)...................... 




Chittagong Board-2007
Part B-Vocabulary


9. Fill in the gaps with a suitable word from the box (make any grammatical change if necessary). There are more words in the box than you need. 110=10

established transmitted simultaneously store base time mode
personal electronic communication easily improve sent actually
E-mail means (a) ............ mail. It is an electronic (b)........... of communication. E-mail (c) .................. is user but telex communication is terminal to terminal. Telephone connection often takes a lot of time to be (d).............. because both the caller and the called must be present (e) ............... . But e-mail is a computer (f) ............... system and the messages that are (g).................... via the computer become (h) ................ in the mail box of an individuals (f) ................ computer without the need of his being (j) ............. present. Thus, e-mail saves both time and money.

10. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate word in each gap. 110=10
No other word is so (a) ............. as the word ‘Mother’. It is (b) ............ up with our existence. Everyone starts his life first (c)........... the word. ‘mother’. This word lasts to the child (d) ......... death. It is mother, who first becomes touched (e) ........... our happiness and sorrows. We know about the mother of Bayejid Bostami (f)............ Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar. In every religion the position of mother is (g) ............... the highest place. Our great prophet Hazrat Mohammad (Sm.) (h) ................ that “Heaven is at the (i) ............ of mother”. So, when I think of my mother, my head (j) ............ down.

Adjectives
 
 
Definition

Adjectives are words that describe or modify another person or thing in the sentence. The Articles — a, an, and the — are adjectives.
the tall professor 
the lugubrious lieutenant 
a solid commitment 
a month's pay 
a six-year-old child 
the unhappiest, richest man 

If a group of words containing a subject and verb acts as an adjective, it is called an Adjective Clause. My sister, who is much older than I am, is an engineer. If an adjective clause is stripped of its subject and verb, the resulting modifier becomes an Adjective Phrase: He is the man who is keeping my family in the poorhouse.

Before getting into other usage considerations, one general note about the use — or over-use — of adjectives: Adjectives are frail; don't ask them to do more work than they should. Let your broad-shouldered verbs and nouns do the hard work of description. Be particularly cautious in your use of adjectives that don't have much to say in the first place: interesting, beautiful, lovely, exciting. It is your job as a writer to create beauty and excitement and interest, and when you simply insist on its presence without showing it to your reader — well, you're convincing no one.

Consider the uses of modifiers in this adjectivally rich paragraph from Thomas Wolfe's Look Homeward, Angel. (Charles Scribner's, 1929, p. 69.) Adjectives are highlighted in this color; participles, verb forms acting as adjectives, are highlighted in this blue. Some people would argue that words that are part of a name — like "East India Tea House — are not really adjectival and that possessive nouns — father's, farmer's — are not technically adjectives, but we've included them in our analysis of Wolfe's text. 
He remembered yet the East India Tea House at the Fair, the sandalwood, the turbans, and the robes, the cool interior and the smell of India tea; and he had felt now the nostalgic thrill of dew-wet mornings in Spring, the cherry scent, the cool clarion earth, the wet loaminess of the garden, the pungent breakfast smells and the floating snow of blossoms. He knew the inchoate sharp excitement of hot dandelions in young earth; in July, of watermelons bedded in sweet hay, inside a farmer's covered wagon; of cantaloupe and crated peaches; and the scent of orange rind, bitter-sweet, before a fire of coals. He knew the good male smell of his father's sitting-room; of the smooth worn leather sofa, with the gaping horse-hair rent; of the blistered varnished wood upon the hearth; of the heated calf-skin bindings; of the flat moist plug of apple tobacco, stuck with a red flag; of wood-smoke and burnt leaves in October; of the brown tired autumn earth; of honey-suckle at night; of warm nasturtiums, of a clean ruddy farmer who comes weekly with printed butter, eggs, and milk; of fat limp underdone bacon and of coffee; of a bakery-oven in the wind; of large deep-hued stringbeans smoking-hot and seasoned well with salt and butter; of a room of old pine boards in which books and carpets have been stored, long closed; of Concord grapes in their long white baskets. 

An abundance of adjectives like this would be uncommon in contemporary prose. Whether we have lost something or not is left up to you.

Position of Adjectives

Unlike Adverbs, which often seem capable of popping up almost anywhere in a sentence, adjectives nearly always appear immediately before the noun or noun phrase that they modify. Sometimes they appear in a string of adjectives, and when they do, they appear in a set order according to category. (See Below.) When indefinite pronouns — such as something, someone, anybody — are modified by an adjective, the adjective comes after the pronoun:
Anyone capable of doing something horrible to someone nice should be punished.
Something wicked this way comes.

And there are certain adjectives that, in combination with certain words, are always "postpositive" (coming after the thing they modify): 
The president elect, heir apparent to the Glitzy fortune, lives in New York proper.

See, also, the note on a- adjectives, below, for the position of such words as "ablaze, aloof, aghast."

Degrees of Adjectives

Adjectives can express degrees of modification: 
Gladys is a rich woman, but Josie is richer than Gladys, and Sadie is the richest woman in town. 
The degrees of comparison are known as the positive, the comparative, and the superlative. (Actually, only the comparative and superlative show degrees.) We use the comparative for comparing two things and the superlative for comparing three or more things. Notice that the word than frequently accompanies the comparative and the word the precedes the superlative. The inflected suffixes -er and -est suffice to form most comparatives and superlatives, although we need -ier and -iest when a two-syllable adjective ends in y (happier and happiest); otherwise we use more and most when an adjective has more than one syllable. 


Positive Comparative Superlative
rich richer richest
lovely lovelier loveliest
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful


Certain adjectives have irregular forms in the comparative and superlative degrees:Irregular Comparative and Superlative Forms
good     better     best
bad       worse     worst
little     less          least
much    more       most
many    ''                   ''
some      ''                  ''
far      further         furthest



Be careful not to form comparatives or superlatives of adjectives which already express an extreme of comparison — unique, for instance — although it probably is possible to form comparative forms of most adjectives: something can be more perfect, and someone can have a fuller figure. People who argue that one woman cannot be more pregnant than another have never been nine-months pregnant with twins.
Grammar's Response

According to Bryan Garner, "complete" is one of those adjectives that does not admit of comparative degrees. We could say, however, "more nearly complete." I am sure that I have not been consistent in my application of this principle in the Guide (I can hear myself, now, saying something like "less adequate" or "more preferable" or "less fatal"). Other adjectives that Garner would include in this list are as follows: absolute impossible principal
  adequate inevitable stationary
  chief irrevocable sufficient
  complete main unanimous
  devoid manifest unavoidable
  entire minor unbroken
  fatal paramount unique
  final perpetual universal
  ideal preferable whole 



From The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Styleby Bryan Garner. Copyright 1995 by Bryan A. Garner. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc., www.oup-usa.org, and used with the gracious consent of Oxford University Press.


Be careful, also, not to use more along with a comparative adjective formed with -er nor to use most along with a superlative adjective formed with -est (e.g., do not write that something is more heavier or most heaviest).

The as — as construction is used to create a comparison expressing equality:
He is as foolish as he is large. 
She is as bright as her mother. 
Premodifiers with Degrees of Adjectives

Both adverbs and adjectives in their comparative and superlative forms can be accompanied by premodifiers, single words and phrases, that intensify the degree. 
We were a lot more careful this time. 
He works a lot less carefully than the other jeweler in town. 
We like his work so much better. 
You'll get your watch back all the faster. 

The same process can be used to downplay the degree:
The weather this week has been somewhat better. 
He approaches his schoolwork a little less industriously than his brother does. 

And sometimes a set phrase, usually an informal noun phrase, is used for this purpose:
He arrived a whole lot sooner than we expected. 
That's a heck of a lot better. 

If the intensifier very accompanies the superlative, a determiner is also required:
She is wearing her very finest outfit for the interview. 
They're doing the very best they can. 

Occasionally, the comparative or superlative form appears with a determiner and the thing being modified is understood:
Of all the wines produced in Connecticut, I like this one the most. 
The quicker you finish this project, the better. 
Of the two brothers, he is by far the faster. 

Authority for this section: A University Grammar of English by Randolph Quirk and Sidney Greenbaum. Longman Group: Essex, England. 1993. Used with permission.
Less versus Fewer
When making a comparison between quantities we often have to make a choice between the words fewer and less. Generally, when we're talking about countable things, we use the word fewer; when we're talking about measurable quantities that we cannot count, we use the word less. "She had fewer chores, but she also had less energy." The managers at our local Stop & Shop seem to have mastered this: they've changed the signs at the so-called express lanes from "Twelve Items or Less" to "Twelve Items or Fewer." Whether that's an actual improvement, we'll leave up to you. 

We do, however, definitely use less when referring to statistical or numerical expressions: 
It's less than twenty miles to Dallas.
He's less than six feet tall.
Your essay should be a thousand words or less.
We spent less than forty dollars on our trip.
The town spent less than four percent of its budget on snow removal.
In these situations, it's possible to regard the quantities as sums of countable measures. 


Taller than I / me ??
When making a comparison with "than" do we end with a subject form or object form, "taller than I/she" or "taller than me/her." The correct response is "taller than I/she." We are looking for the subject form: "He is taller than I am/she is tall." (Except we leave out the verb in the second clause, "am" or "is.") Some good writers, however, will argue that the word "than" should be allowed to function as a preposition. If we can say "He is tall like me/her," then (if "than" could be prepositional like like) we should be able to say, "He is taller than me/her." It's an interesting argument, but — for now, anyway — in formal, academic prose, use the subject form in such comparisons. 

We also want to be careful in a sentence such as "I like him better than she/her." The "she" would mean that you like this person better than she likes him; the "her" would mean that you like this male person better than you like that female person. (To avoid ambiguity and the slippery use of than, we could write "I like him better than she does" or "I like him better than I like her.")


More than / over ??
In the United States, we usually use "more than" in countable numerical expressions meaning "in excess of" or "over." In England, there is no such distinction. For instance, in the U.S., some editors would insist on "more than 40,000 traffic deaths in one year," whereas in the UK, "over 40,000 traffic deaths" would be acceptable. Even in the U.S., however, you will commonly hear "over" in numerical expressions of age, time, or height: "His sister is over forty; she's over six feet tall. We've been waiting well over two hours for her."



The Order of Adjectives in a Series

It would take a linguistic philosopher to explain why we say "little brown house" and not "brown little house" or why we say "red Italian sports car" and not "Italian red sports car." The order in which adjectives in a series sort themselves out is perplexing for people learning English as a second language. Most other languages dictate a similar order, but not necessarily the same order. It takes a lot of practice with a language before this order becomes instinctive, because the order often seems quite arbitrary (if not downright capricious). There is, however, a pattern. You will find many exceptions to the pattern in the table below, but it is definitely important to learn the pattern of adjective order if it is not part of what you naturally bring to the language. 

The categories in the following table can be described as follows:
Determiners — articles and other limiters. See Determiners 
Observation — postdeterminers and limiter adjectives (e.g., a real hero, a perfect idiot) and adjectives subject to subjective measure (e.g., beautiful, interesting) 
Size and Shape — adjectives subject to objective measure (e.g., wealthy, large, round) 
Age — adjectives denoting age (e.g., young, old, new, ancient) 
Color — adjectives denoting color (e.g., red, black, pale) 
Origin — denominal adjectives denoting source of noun (e.g., French, American, Canadian) 
Material — denominal adjectives denoting what something is made of (e.g., woolen, metallic, wooden) 
Qualifier — final limiter, often regarded as part of the noun (e.g., rocking chair, hunting cabin, passenger car, book cover) THE ROYAL ORDER OF ADJECTIVES 
Determiner Observation Physical Description Origin Material Qualifier Noun
  Size Shape Age Color  
a beautiful old Italian touring car
an expensive antique silver mirror
four gorgeous long-
stemmed red silk roses
her short black hair
our big old English sheepdog
those square wooden hat boxes
that dilapidated little hunting cabin
several enormous young American basketball players
some delicious Thai food

 This chart is probably too wide to print on a standard piece of paper. If you click HERE, you will get a one-page duplicate of this chart, which you can print out on a regular piece of paper. 


It would be folly, of course, to run more than two or three (at the most) adjectives together. Furthermore, when adjectives belong to the same class, they become what we call coordinated adjectives, and you will want to put a comma between them: the inexpensive, comfortable shoes. The rule for inserting the comma works this way: if you could have inserted a conjunction — and or but — between the two adjectives, use a comma. We could say these are "inexpensive but comfortable shoes," so we would use a comma between them (when the "but" isn't there). When you have three coordinated adjectives, separate them all with commas, but don't insert a comma between the last adjective and the noun (in spite of the temptation to do so because you often pause there):
a popular, respected, and good looking student

See the section on Commas for additional help in punctuating coordinated adjectives.
Capitalizing Proper Adjectives

When an adjective owes its origins to a proper noun, it should probably be capitalized. Thus we write about Christian music, French fries, the English Parliament, the Ming Dynasty, a Faulknerian style, Jeffersonian democracy. Some periods of time have taken on the status of proper adjectives: the Nixon era, a Renaissance/Romantic/Victorian poet (but a contemporary novelist and medieval writer). Directional and seasonal adjectives are not capitalized unless they're part of a title:
We took the northwest route during the spring thaw. We stayed there until the town's annual Fall Festival of Small Appliances.

See the section on Capitalization for further help on this matter.

Collective Adjectives

When the definite article, the, is combined with an adjective describing a class or group of people, the resulting phrase can act as a noun: the poor, the rich, the oppressed, the homeless, the lonely, the unlettered, the unwashed, the gathered, the dear departed. The difference between a Collective Noun (which is usually regarded as singular but which can be plural in certain contexts) and a collective adjective is that the latter is always plural and requires a plural verb:
The rural poor have been ignored by the media. 
The rich of Connecticut are responsible. 
The elderly are beginning to demand their rights. 
The young at heart are always a joy to be around. 

Adjectival Opposites

The opposite or the negative aspect of an adjective can be formed in a number of ways. One way, of course, is to find an adjective to mean the opposite — an antonym. The opposite of beautiful is ugly, the opposite of tall is short. A thesaurus can help you find an appropriate opposite. Another way to form the opposite of an adjective is with a number of prefixes. The opposite of fortunate is unfortunate, the opposite of prudent is imprudent, the opposite of considerate is inconsiderate, the opposite of honorable is dishonorable, the opposite of alcoholic is nonalcoholic, the opposite of being properly filed is misfiled. If you are not sure of the spelling of adjectives modified in this way by prefixes (or which is the appropriate prefix), you will have to consult a dictionary, as the rules for the selection of a prefix are complex and too shifty to be trusted. The meaning itself can be tricky; for instance, flammable and inflammable mean the same thing. 

A third means for creating the opposite of an adjective is to combine it with less or least to create a comparison which points in the opposite direction. Interesting shades of meaning and tone become available with this usage. It is kinder to say that "This is the least beautiful city in the state." than it is to say that "This is the ugliest city in the state." (It also has a slightly different meaning.) A candidate for a job can still be worthy and yet be "less worthy of consideration" than another candidate. It's probably not a good idea to use this construction with an adjective that is already a negative: "He is less unlucky than his brother," although that is not the same thing as saying he is luckier than his brother. Use the comparative less when the comparison is between two things or people; use the superlative least when the comparison is among many things or people.
My mother is less patient than my father. 
Of all the new sitcoms, this is my least favorite show. 

Some Adjectival Problem ChildrenGood versus Well
In both casual speech and formal writing, we frequently have to choose between the adjective good and the adverb well. With most verbs, there is no contest: when modifying a verb, use the adverb. 
He swims well. 
He knows only too well who the murderer is. 
However, when using a linking verb or a verb that has to do with the five human senses, you want to use the adjective instead. 
How are you? I'm feeling good, thank you. 
After a bath, the baby smells so good. 
Even after my careful paint job, this room doesn't look good. 
Many careful writers, however, will use well after linking verbs relating to health, and this is perfectly all right. In fact, to say that you are good or that you feel good usually implies not only that you're OK physically but also that your spirits are high. 
"How are you?" 
"I am well, thank you."
Bad versus Badly
When your cat died (assuming you loved your cat), did you feel bad or badly? Applying the same rule that applies to good versus well, use the adjective form after verbs that have to do with human feelings. You felt bad. If you said you felt badly, it would mean that something was wrong with your faculties for feeling.



Other Adjectival Considerations

Review the section on Compound Nouns and Modifiers for the formation of modifiers created when words are connected: a four-year-old child, a nineteenth-century novel, an empty-headed fool. 

Review the section on Possessives for a distinction between possessive forms and "adjectival labels." (Do you belong to a Writers Club or a Writers' Club?)

Adjectives that are really Participles, verb forms with -ing and -ed endings, can be troublesome for some students. It is one thing to be a frightened child; it is an altogether different matter to be a frightening child. Do you want to go up to your professor after class and say that you are confused or that you are confusing? Generally, the -ed ending means that the noun so described ("you") has a passive relationship with something — something (the subject matter, the presentation) has bewildered you and you are confused. The -ing ending means that the noun described has a more active role — you are not making any sense so you are confusing (to others, including your professor).

The -ed ending modifiers are often accompanied by prepositions (these are not the only choices):
We were amazed at all the circus animals. 
We were amused by the clowns. 
We were annoyed by the elephants. 
We were bored by the ringmaster. 
We were confused by the noise. 
We were disappointed by the motorcycle daredevils. 
We were disappointed in their performance. 
We were embarrassed by my brother. 
We were exhausted from all the excitement. 
We were excited by the lion-tamer. 
We were excited about the high-wire act, too. 
We were frightened by the lions. 
We were introduced to the ringmaster. 
We were interested in the tent. 
We were irritated by the heat. 
We were opposed to leaving early. 
We were satisfied with the circus. 
We were shocked at the level of noise under the big tent. 
We were surprised by the fans' response. 
We were surprised at their indifference. 
We were tired of all the lights after a while. 
We were worried about the traffic leaving the parking lot. 

A- Adjectives

The most common of the so-called a- adjectives are ablaze, afloat, afraid, aghast, alert, alike, alive, alone, aloof, ashamed, asleep, averse, awake, aware. These adjectives will primarily show up as predicate adjectives (i.e., they come after a linking verb).
The children were ashamed. 
The professor remained aloof. 
The trees were ablaze.

Occasionally, however, you will find a- adjectives before the word they modify: the alert patient, the aloof physician. Most of them, when found before the word they modify, are themselves modified: the nearly awake student, the terribly alone scholar. And a- adjectives are sometimes modified by "very much": very much afraid, very much alone, very much ashamed, etc.
Recognizing Adjectives

Adjective Order

Adjectives


 
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An easy way to get idea about Noun

Definition

A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea. Whatever exists, we assume, can be named, and that name is a noun. A proper noun, which names a specific person, place, or thing (Carlos, Queen Marguerite, Middle East, Jerusalem, Malaysia, Presbyterianism, God, Spanish, Buddhism, the Republican Party), is almost always capitalized. A proper noun used as an addressed person's name is called a noun of address. Common nouns name everything else, things that usually are not capitalized. 

A group of related words can act as a single noun-like entity within a sentence. A Noun Clause contains a subject and verb and can do anything that a noun can do: 
What he does for this town is a blessing.

A Noun Phrase, frequently a noun accompanied by modifiers, is a group of related words acting as a noun: the oil depletion allowance; the abnormal, hideously enlarged nose.

There is a separate section on word combinations that become Compound Nouns — such as daughter-in-law, half-moon, and stick-in-the-mud.

Categories of Nouns

Nouns can be classified further as count nouns, which name anything that can be counted (four books, two continents, a few dishes, a dozen buildings); mass nouns (or non-count nouns), which name something that can't be counted (water, air, energy, blood); and collective nouns, which can take a singular form but are composed of more than one individual person or items (jury, team, class, committee, herd). We should note that some words can be either a count noun or a non-count noun depending on how they're being used in a sentence:

He got into trouble. (non-count) 
He had many troubles. (countable) 
Experience (non-count) is the best teacher. 
We had many exciting experiences (countable) in college. 

Whether these words are count or non-count will determine whether they can be used with articles and determiners or not. (We would not write "He got into the troubles," but we could write about "The troubles of Ireland." 

Some texts will include the category of abstract nouns, by which we mean the kind of word that is not tangible, such as warmth, justice, grief, and peace. Abstract nouns are sometimes troublesome for non-native writers because they can appear with determiners or without: "Peace settled over the countryside." "The skirmish disrupted the peace that had settled over the countryside." See the section on Plurals for additional help with collective nouns, words that can be singular or plural, depending on context.
Forms of Nouns

Nouns can be in the subjective, possessive, and objective case. The word case defines the role of the noun in the sentence. Is it a subject, an object, or does it show possession?
The English professor [subject] is tall. 
He chose the English professor [object]. 
The English professor's [possessive] car is green. 

Nouns in the subject and object role are identical in form; nouns that show the possessive, however, take a different form. Usually an apostrophe is added followed by the letter s (except for plurals, which take the plural "-s" ending first, and then add the apostrophe). See the section on Possessives for help with possessive forms. There is also a table outlining the cases of nouns and pronouns. 

Almost all nouns change form when they become plural, usually with the simple addition of an -s or -es. Unfortunately, it's not always that easy, and a separate section on Plurals offers advice on the formation of plural noun forms.
Assaying for Nouns*

Back in the gold rush days, every little town in the American Old West had an assayer's office, a place where wild-eyed prospectors could take their bags of ore for official testing, to make sure the shiny stuff they'd found was the real thing, not "fool's gold." We offer here some assay tests for nouns. There are two kinds of tests: formal and functional — what a word looks like (the endings it takes) and how a word behaves in a sentence.
Formal Tests
Does the word contain a noun-making morpheme? organization, misconception, weirdness, statehood, government, democracy, philistinism, realtor, tenacity, violinist 
Can the word take a plural-making morpheme? pencils, boxes 
Can the word take a possessive-making morpheme? today's, boys'
Function Tests 
Without modifiers, can the word directly follow an article and create a grammatical unit (subject, object, etc.)? the state, an apple, a crate 
Can it fill the slot in the following sentence: "(The) _________ seem(s) all right." (or substitute other predicates such as unacceptable, short, dark, depending on the word's meaning)? 
Testing the Tests:

With most nouns, the test is clear. "State," for example, can be a plural ("states"), become a possessive ("state's"), follow an article ("a/the state"), and fit in the slot ("the state seems all right"). It doesn't have a noun-making morpheme, but it passes all the other tests; it can pass as a noun. (The fact that "state" can also be a verb — "We state our case" — is not relevant.) "Greyness" cannot take plural ending nor can it be possessive, but it does contain a noun-making morphene and it can follow an article and fit in the slot sentence. Can the word "grey," which is obviously also an adjective, be a noun? It's hard to imagine it passing any of the formal tests, but it can follow an article and fill the slot: "The grey seems acceptable." And what about "running," which is often part of a verb (He is running for office)? Again, it won't pass the formal tests, but it will fit the slot sentence: "Running is all right." (It can also follow an article, but in rather an odd way: "The running is about to begin.") "Grey" and "running" are nouns, but just barely: one is an adjective acting like a noun, and the other is a verb acting like a noun (a gerund).

From: Internet

Complete and outstanding suggestion of English 2nd Paper for HSC 2009

Suggestion for the HSC candidate 2009
English 2nd paper

1. Ques. No. 1: (Right forms of verb)
Directions: (a) Read the rules of Right forms of verb especially tense and use of passive.
 (b) Practice extensively from Nabadut Test paper suggestion part and important 
  colleges including all cadet colleges.
2. Ques. No. 2: Appropriate Preposition
Direction: (a) Try to memorize some important appropriate preposition
 (b) Practice extensively from Nabadut Test paper suggestion part and important 
  colleges including all cadet colleges.
 (c) For your help some important prepositions are given below—

Some commonly used important appropriate preposition
Abide by, ability for, absent from, absorbed in, abstain from, accuse of, abound with, access to, accompany by, account for, according to, admit to, adapt to, adverse to, addicted to, admit of, adhere to, adjacent to, adequate to, admit of, afraid of, agree with, agree to, agree on, aim at, allot to, alliance with, aloof from, alternative to, ambition for, amazed at, angry with, appear before, apologize to, apologize for, argue with, ask for, attend to, attain to, appetite for, assure of, authority over, based on, live in, beneficial to, beset with, boast of, born in, born to, burdened with, busy at, burst into, bargain with, bring up, claim to, comment on, comparison with, complaint against, compensation for, confidence in, congratulation on, connection with, care for, care of, close to, compare to, consist of, cope with, call in, call for, capable of, compensate for, compete with, congenial to, conscious of, contrary to, deal in, deal with, deliver to, demand for, deprive of, detrimental to, devoid of, die of, die from, die by, die for, differ from, disgrace to, distinguish between, depend on/upon, divide into, dwell in, eager for, eligible for, engaged in, envy at, essential to, excel in, exposed to, expert at/in, faith in, faithful to, familiar with, famous for, fear of, familiar to, fight for, fix up, fond of, favourite to, fill in, graceful to, greed for, guilty of, get over, good at, hanker after, heed to, hide from, hope for, ignorant of, innocent of, insist on, impose on/upon, indebted to, indifferent to, inherent in, interested in, irrespective of, introduce to, involved in, jealous of, junior to, key to, kind to, known to, knock at, lack of, live in, lament for, laugh at, liable for, listen to, likeness to, learn by, look at, look after, look for, look into, look over, look up, long for, made of, meet with, merge into, make for, make out, mock at, necessary to, need for/ of, obedient to, object to, opposite to, opportunity for/ of, overcome by, owe to, part from, popular with/for, prefer to, prevent from, protect from, provide with, partial to, pass away, passion for, permit of, pretend to, proud of, protest against, plot against, ponder over, proceed with, put off, qualified for, quick at/of, rely on, respond to, result in, refer to, recommended for, relevant to, refrain from, replace with, respect for, responsible to, resolve on, result from, revolt against, run over, satisfied with, search for, similar to, subject to, submit to, suffer from, sure of, sacred to, sensitive to, sentence to, short of, seek for, succumb to, sufficient for, suitable to, suspicious of, temper with, think over, thirst in, tired of, useful to, united with, victim to, visit to, vary from, want of, worthy of, weak in,

3. Ques. No. 3: Use of Article
Directions: (a) Read the rules of Article and its omission.
 (b) Practice extensively from Nabadut Test paper suggestion part and important 
  colleges including all cadet colleges.

4. Ques. No. 4: Use of Linking words
Directions: (a) Read the rules and exact meaning of the linkers.
 (b) Practice extensively from Nabadut Test paper suggestion part and important 
  colleges including all cadet colleges.

5. Ques. No. 4: Making sentences using Phrase and Idioms
Directions: (a) Memorize the exact meaning of the Pharase and Idioms.
 (b) Practice extensively from Nabadut Test paper suggestion part and important 
  colleges including all cadet colleges.
6. Ques. No. 5: Transformation of sentences
Directions: (a) Read the rules of transformation try to gain a good command over it .
 (b) Practice extensively from Nabadut Test paper suggestion part and important 
  colleges including all cadet colleges. 
 (c) Put emphasize on --- 
  Affirmative NegativeAssertive interrogative/ ExclamatorySimple complex compound
Positive comparative superlative
Voice change

7. Ques. No. 6: Passage narration
Directions: (a) Learn the rules of passage narration. 
 (b) Practice extensively from Nabadut Test paper suggestion part and important 
  colleges including all cadet colleges.

8. Ques. No. 7: Tag question
Directions: (a) Read the rules of Tag questions.
 (b) Practice extensively from Nabadut Test paper suggestion part and important 
  colleges including all cadet colleges

9. Ques. No. 8:Completing sentences
Directions: (a) Read the rules of complex sentence and implement in completing sentence..
 (b) Practice extensively from Nabadut Test paper suggestion part and important 
  colleges including all cadet colleges.

Paragraphs
1. Load shedding
2. Traffic Jam
3. Environmental pollution /Green house effect
4. Mobile Phone
5. Book fair/ International Trade Fair
6. International Mother Language Day
7. Physical Exercise
8. College Library
9. An Ideal student 10. Corruption
11. Visit to a historical place
12. Price Hike/ spiral
13. Child Labor in Bangladesh
14. Drug Addiction / Smoking
15. Arsenic Problem in Bangladesh
16. Computer
17. Tree Plantation / Afforestation
18. An Accident

Report Writing
1. A fire incident
2. An accident
3. Cross fire
4. Recent price hike
5. Cultural program/ annual sports and prize giving ceremony of your college
6. Food adulteration 
7. Human Trafficking 8. Celebration of birth day anniversary of Kazi Nazrul/ Rabindranath
9. Gender Discrimination
10. Celebration of Victory Day/ Independence Day/ shaheed Day/ Pahela Baishakh in your College.
11. Presence of melamine in powder milk.
12. Hijacking 

Writing short Composition
1. A place of historical Interest
2. Wonder of modern science
3. Unemployment problem in BD
4. Natural Calamities of Bangladesh
5. Your childhood memories
6. Role of women in national development
7. The importance of planting trees 8. Student and social service
9. Female Education
10. Population problem in Bangladesh
11. Computer
12. Future Plan of your life.
13. An interesting Journey made by you
14. Uses and abuses of TV/ Internet

Writing Forman Letter
1. Write an application to the Principal of your college for -----
(a) setting up a debating club/ literary club/ computer club/ canteen/ common room
(b) the permission to go on a picnic/ study tour
2. Write application to the proper authority for ---
(a) Repairing/constructing a road or a bridge
(b) Relief goods for the flood affected people.
(c) Sinking a tube well
(d) Taking steps against the growth of mosquito
(e) Taking steps against the anti social activities / hijacking/ extortion
3. Writing application to the Editor of the News paper for ---
(a) Traffic jam / Load shedding/ water clogging in the streets of your locality.
(b) Miserable condition of the roads of your area
(c) Against the anti-social activists
(d) Involvement of students in politics

Dialogue Writing
(a) Learn the rules and procedure of writing dialogue.
(b) Write at least 20 speeches. 
(c) For getting desired marks use standard and easy language. 
(d) Practice from the test paper based on various situations. 

Summary Writing
(a) Read the given passage carefully and try to understand the theme.
(b) Write the summary not more than one third of the full passage
(c) Don’t use any example and statistics
(d) Give a suitable title.
(e) Practice from the test paper based on various situations. 

Completing Story
(a) Read the given part carefully try to understand the beginning.
(b) Think an try to find an interesting and exceptional story.
(c) Avoid making too much grammatical errors and spelling mistakes.
(d) Get the idea of various fables and Aesop’s story.
(e) Practice from the test paper based on stories.  



Prepared and Cared Under:
Mir Monjur-E-Mowla (Sumon)
Executive Officer
Janata Bank Ltd.
Lecturer, Department of English (Part time)
Shaheed President Ziaur Rahman College
Ex-Lecturer Department of English
National Ideal College

Full and Final Suggestion For HSC 2009

Suggestion for the HSC candidate 2009
English 1st paper

  Selected Passage from text book for Part A
  Unit- 03 Lesson –01 Learning a Language
  Unit-05 Lesson- 06 Jerry
  Unit- 06 Lesson- 03 The world is getting warmer  
  Unit-06 Lesson- 05 Beware of pollution
  Unit- 07 Lesson- 05 The shake and the quake
  Unit-08 Lesson- 03 Isn’t it too loud
  Unit-09 Lesson- 01 Why we need education
  Unit-11 Lesson- 01 Cultural Pattern
  Unit-12 Lesson- 01/ 04 Personalities at home / Man behind the
  Shahid Minar
  Unit-14 Lesson- 01 Literacy an age old concept
  Unit-14 Lesson- 03 Enriching the work force
  Unit-15 Lesson- 02 How education can help
  Unit-16 Lesson-01/02 Sangsad Bhaban/ Bangabandhu Bridge
  Unit-17 Lesson- 06 E-mail
  Unit-18 Lesson- 02/03 testimony of Mughal architecture
  Unit-20 Lesson- 02 how can I be self employed?
  Unit-21 Lesson-1/2/3/6 Globalization 
  Unit-23 Lesson- 1/2/3 Challenge of the new century
  Unit-24 Lesson- 04 Gender discrimination in Bangladesh 

Chapters from Text Book for Cloze test with and without clues
Above mentioned chapters for Part A and
 U-6,L-2(B,C)-L7(B)/ U-9,L-3(C)/ U-10,L-1(C)-L4(C)/ U-11,L6(B)/ U-12,L6(B,C)/ U-13,L-2(C),L-3(D)/ U-15,L-3(B)L-5(B)L-6(B)/ U-16,L-3/ U-17,L-5/ U-18,L-6/U-19,L-3(C)/ U-20,L3/ U-22,L-1(B),2(C),4(B)/  

For Non Textual Cloze Test with Clues (Colleges, test examination 2008)
Model Question No. (Nabadut Test Papers -Latest Version 2009) –  
01, 02, 05, 09, 11, 13, 14, 15, 19, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 42, 43, 45, 50, 51, 52, 54, 57, 59, 60, 64, 65, 66, 67, 70, 72, 80, 81, 82, 83, 91, 

For Non Textual Cloze Test without Clues (Colleges, test examination 2008)
Model Question No. (Nabadut Test Papers -Latest Version 2009) –  
01, 02, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 09, 10, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 28, 33, 37, 46, 47, 49, 51, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 67, 68, 69, 76, 88, 90, 91, 
For Non Textual Table (Colleges, test examination 2008)
Model Question No. (Nabadut-2008) –
01, 05, 06, 07, 09, 10, 11, 13, 15, 17, 18, 20, 22, 24, 29, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 42, 43, 46, 49, 54, 55, 64, 79, 86, 89, 
(Besides, students are advised to read the textual passages carefully) 

For Non Textual Rearrange (Colleges, test examination 2008)
Model Question No. (Nabadut-2008) –
01, 03, 05, 06, 07, 08, 09, 10, 14, 15, 17, 18, 21, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 35, 37, 38,39, 48, 55, 60, 65, 67, 70, 71, 79, 92

Paragraphs for first paper

1. Visit to historical place
2. Natural calamities of Bangladesh
3. Environment pollution/ Global warming
4. Female education
5. Your family/ Nuclear family  
6. Gender discrimination/ Disparity 
7. Dowry System
8. Women’s contribution to the development of our country 9. Cultural pattern of Bangladesh
10. Deforrestation
11. Positive and negative aspects of TV
12. Favorite pastimes 
13. Necessity of education/ English
14. Price Hike
15. Entertainment
16. Globalization
17. Load Shedding


(Besides, all my dear students are strongly suggested to follow the suggestion of Nabadut Test paper and the Board Questions of Various Years)




Prepared and Cared Under:
Mir Monjur-E-Mowla (Sumon)
Executive Officer
Janata Bank Ltd.
Lecturer, Department of English (Part time)
Shaheed President Ziaur Rahman College
Ex-Lecturer Department of English
National Ideal College